Who among the following considered paraphrase as "a heresy"?

Correct option is D

Explanation:

Cleanth Brooks, a prominent figure in New Criticism, introduced the concept of "the heresy of paraphrase" in his book The Well Wrought Urn (1947). According to Brooks, the meaning of a poem cannot be adequately expressed by paraphrasing it into prose or other forms. He argued that the essence of poetry lies in its form and structure, and attempting to reduce it to a paraphrase inevitably loses the nuances and interplay of language, tone, and imagery that give the poem its unique meaning.

Brooks emphasized that the unity of form and content in poetry is inseparable, and paraphrasing destroys the aesthetic and emotional experience provided by the poetic structure.

Information Booster:

1. New Criticism focused on the close reading of texts, emphasizing form and structure over historical or authorial context.
2. Brooks critiqued approaches that dissected poems into thematic or propositional summaries.
3. He believed that every element of a poem contributes to its total meaning, which cannot be simplified into a paraphrase.
4. The Well Wrought Urn remains a key text in 20th-century literary theory, influencing generations of critics.

Additional Knowledge:

• Percy Lubbock: Known for his work The Craft of Fiction, which focuses on narrative techniques rather than poetry.
• Edmund Wilson: A literary critic and historian, but not associated with this concept.
• I.A. Richards: A key figure in New Criticism, but his focus was on the psychology of reading and interpretation, not on paraphrase.