Match List-I with List-II:

List-I	List-II
A. Thick description	I. Jacques Derrida
B. Transcendental signified	II. I. A. Richards
C. Vehicle, Tenor	III. Bertolt Brecht
D. Alienation Effect	IV. Clifford Geertz

Correct option is A

The correct answer is (A) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III. 

A. Thick Description → Clifford Geertz:
Clifford Geertz, an influential anthropologist, introduced the concept of "thick description" in his work. In The Interpretation of Cultures (1973), Geertz argued that anthropologists should not just describe actions or events, but should provide the contextual and cultural meaning behind them. Thick description goes beyond a simple report; it includes the layers of meaning embedded in cultural practices, helping to interpret the deeper social significance.

B. Transcendental Signified → I. A. Richards:
I. A. Richards, an English literary critic and theorist, is associated with the concept of the "transcendental signified". Richards, in his work The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936), argued that meaning in language cannot be fixed or absolute, and instead, it is shaped by context and interpretation. His work focused on how meaning is transcendent and how the signified (concept) and the signifier (word) relate in complex, often fluid ways in language.

C. Vehicle, Tenor → I. A. Richards:
The concept of "vehicle" and "tenor" comes from I. A. Richards, who is credited with developing this important framework in rhetorical analysis. In his book The Philosophy of Rhetoric, he explains that in a metaphor, the tenor is the subject of the metaphor, while the vehicle is the image used to represent the subject. For example, in the metaphor “Time is a thief,” Time is the tenor, and the thief is the vehicle.

D. Alienation Effect → Bertolt Brecht:
Bertolt Brecht, the German playwright, developed the alienation effect (also known as Verfremdungseffekt) to break the emotional connection between the audience and the performance. Brecht wanted the audience to remain critical and detached, rather than becoming emotionally involved with the characters. By using techniques like direct addresses to the audience and interrupted narratives, Brecht aimed to provoke critical thought about societal issues, rather than simply entertain.

Information Booster:

Clifford Geertz (1926–2006):

Notable Work: The Interpretation of Cultures (1973)

Contribution: Geertz is considered one of the most important figures in anthropology. He introduced "thick description" to anthropology, an approach that provides more than a mere factual account of cultural practices. He argued that cultural practices must be understood through their symbolic and contextual meanings.

In his famous work, Geertz presents culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms. He encourages anthropologists to interpret cultural expressions rather than just observe them.

I. A. Richards (1893–1979):

Notable Works: The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936), Practical Criticism (1929)

Contribution: I. A. Richards was a key figure in the development of modern literary criticism. He introduced new critical techniques, particularly in the analysis of metaphor and symbolism. His work laid the foundation for structuralist and semiotic theories in literary studies.

Richards’ theories of language focus on how meaning is created and interpreted, emphasizing context and cognitive processes involved in understanding texts.

Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956):

Notable Works: Mother Courage and Her Children (1939), The Threepenny Opera (1928)

Contribution: Brecht was a German playwright and theorist whose work on theater and political drama was revolutionary. His alienation effect encouraged the audience to view the performance with a critical eye rather than engaging emotionally with the narrative.

Brecht's theater aimed to provoke thought on social justice and political systems by making the audience aware of the constructed nature of theater. His works often focus on capitalism, power, and social inequality.