Correct option is D
Explanation:
The neutral paradigm, especially as described by the Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity (UNTB) by Stephen Hubbell, is based on stochastic (random) processes of birth, death, dispersal, and speciation, assuming ecological equivalence among species.
Let’s evaluate the statements:
Correct and part of the neutral theory. The model assumes all individuals have equal fitness and competitive ability, regardless of species identity.
Correct and part of the theory. Extinction is viewed as a random process, and competitive exclusion is not deterministic, but stochastic and slow.
Correct. The theory maintains species richness through a balance between speciation and extinction rates.
Incorrect .Ecological drift in neutral theory refers to random fluctuations in species abundance, which may eventually lead to extinction, not stable coexistence. The neutral paradigm does not ensure stable coexistence; instead, it predicts eventual loss of species over time unless balanced by speciation.
