Correct option is B
The party system in India has undergone significant changes over time, with certain characteristics becoming more prominent, while others have declined.
Fragmentation and Polarisation of Parties (a):
This is a characteristic feature of the Indian party system today. There has been a proliferation of regional and smaller parties, leading to fragmented political landscapes, especially in state politics. Additionally, there is growing polarisation between political ideologies, such as between secular and communal or right-wing and left-wing parties.
Personality-Oriented Political Parties (c):
Another dominant feature of Indian politics today is the personality cult. Many parties are led by charismatic leaders who dominate the party’s image. In such cases, the ideology of the party often takes a backseat to the personality of the leader. Examples include several regional parties being synonymous with their leaders.
Mushroom Growth of Political Parties (d):
Over the years, there has been a significant rise in the number of political parties, especially regional ones. This "mushrooming" of parties is a hallmark of the multi-party system in India, which has been accentuated by regionalism, caste-based politics, and specific interest groups.
Most of the parties are based on ideology and concerned with national interest (b):
This statement is not true in the context of today’s Indian political system. While some major national parties (like the Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party) have an ideological base, many political parties, particularly at the regional level, are driven by regional, ethnic, caste, or personal interests rather than a national ideological commitment. Party politics in India has become more focused on personalities and regional issues than on coherent ideological principles.
