Correct option is D
(a) Coercion - Chikkam Amiraju V. Chikkam Seshamma (Correct Match):
In this case, the concept of coercion was defined under Section 15 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The judgment explained that coercion includes threats to commit any act forbidden by law and was one of the foundational cases interpreting coercion under Indian contract law
.
(b) Liquidated damages - Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. V. New Garage & Motor Co. (Correct Match):
This is a leading case on
liquidated damages, where the House of Lords held that pre-agreed damages (liquidated damages) will be enforced if they represent a genuine pre-estimate of the loss and not a penalty. This case is widely cited on the distinction between
liquidated damages and
penalties.
(c) Impossibility of performance - Alopi Parshad & Sons V. Union of India (Correct Match):
This case dealt with the concept of frustration of contract under Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, which outlines that a contract becomes void if its performance becomes impossible due to unforeseen circumstances. This case reaffirmed the principle that mere hardship or inconvenience does not amount to impossibility.
(d) Public Policy - Hadley V. Baxendale (Incorrect Match):
Hadley V. Baxendale is a famous case related to consequential damages for breach of contract, specifically relating to the remoteness of damages in English contract law. It set the principle that damages can only be claimed if they are a natural consequence of the breach or if they were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the contract. It does not deal with public policy.
Additional Knowledge:
·
Public Policy in Contracts: Contracts opposed to public policy are void under
Section 23 of the
Indian Contract Act, 1872. Key cases like
Gherulal Parakh V. Mahadeodas Maiya deal with public policy, not
Hadley V. Baxendale.
·
Hadley V. Baxendale (1854): Established the test of
foreseeability for damages in contract law, holding that damages must flow naturally from the breach or must have been in the contemplation of both parties.
