Which learning theory was developed by Dr. James Asher?

Correct option is B

Explanation:

Dr. James Asher developed the Total Physical Response (TPR) theory in the 1960s. TPR is an approach to language teaching where students respond physically to verbal input. This method emphasizes learning through action and movement, where teachers give commands in the target language, and learners respond with physical actions (e.g., "stand up," "sit down"). The theory is based on the idea that language learning is enhanced when it involves physical movement and kinesthetic engagement.

Asher’s theory contrasts with more traditional language-learning methods by making the learning experience more interactive and engaging, particularly in early stages of language acquisition. This technique is widely used in language teaching, especially with younger learners or beginners.

Information Booster:

Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions.

The method is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching. Listening and responding (with actions) serves two purposes: It is a means of quickly recognizing meaning in the language being learned, and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. Grammar is not taught explicitly but can be learned from the language input. TPR is a valuable way to learn vocabulary, especially idiomatic terms, e.g., phrasal verbs.

• TPR Method: Involves associating actions with language, helping students connect meaning with language through physical responses.
  
• TPR is effective for beginner learners because it focuses on comprehension before production.
  
• The theory leverages the idea that physical movement aids memory retention and understanding.
  
• TPR reduces the pressure on learners, allowing them to feel more confident when learning a new language.
  
• Example of TPR Commands: "Touch your head," "Jump," or "Point to the window" are typical TPR instructions.
  
• Teachers use actions, gestures, and visuals to help students understand and produce language naturally.
  

Additional Information:

"Learning Theory"→ This term refers to a broad category of theories, not a specific theory developed by Asher.

"Mastery Learning" → Mastery Learning, developed by Benjamin Bloom, focuses on ensuring all students achieve a level of mastery in a subject before moving on.

"Cognitive Development" → This theory is most closely associated with Jean Piaget, focusing on how children's thinking develops over time.