Correct option is C
Option (c) is incorrect because India has not agreed to sign the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), even after the Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998. India maintains that both treaties are discriminatory, as they recognize only five nations as legitimate nuclear powers and impose restrictions on others. India has instead committed to a policy of
Credible Minimum Deterrence and
No First Use (NFU) to demonstrate its responsible approach to nuclear power while maintaining its strategic autonomy.
Information Booster:
1.
Credible Minimum Nuclear Deterrence: India’s policy ensures that its nuclear arsenal is just sufficient to deter adversaries.
2.
No First Use Policy: India has committed not to use nuclear weapons as a means of aggression but only in retaliation.
3.
Pokhran-II Tests (1998): India’s second series of nuclear tests under PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee, solidifying its nuclear capabilities.
4.
NPT and CTBT Stance: India argues these treaties are biased as they prevent non-nuclear states from developing nuclear arms but allow recognized powers to retain them.
5.
Homi J. Bhabha’s Role: Known as the "father of the Indian nuclear program," he laid the foundation for India's nuclear development.
6.
International Stand: India’s nuclear policy has gained respect for its commitment to peaceful and defensive nuclear development.
7. APEC's influence extends beyond trade, touching on environmental and socio-economic issues in the Asia-Pacific.