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    What does Pierre Bourdieu imply by the term 'habitus' in his sociological studies?
    Question

    What does Pierre Bourdieu imply by the term 'habitus' in his sociological studies?

    A.

    The culture of increasing consumerization of post-capitalist societies.

    B.

    The phenomenon of the masses succumbing to material fetishism of different types.

    C.

    A person's posture, speech and the mental habit of perception, classification, appreciation, feeling and action.

    D.

    Personal habits that do not impact the society profoundly.

    Correct option is C

    Pierre Bourdieu used the term habitus to refer to a person's embodied dispositions, or the ways of being and acting that are acquired through socialization. Habitus is not conscious or deliberate, but it is a set of durable, transposable dispositions that generate similar responses across different situations. Bourdieu argued that habitus is shaped by our social class, our family background, and our experiences. It is also shaped by the wider culture in which we live. Habitus is not fixed, but it is also not easily changed. It can be modified through education and other forms of social experience, but it always bears the imprint of our social origins.Bourdieu's concept of habitus has been influential in sociology and other social sciences. It has been used to understand a wide range of social phenomena, including class inequality, cultural reproduction, and social change.
    Here are some of the specific aspects of habitus that Bourdieu identified:
     Posture: The way we hold our bodies, including our posture, gait, and gestures.
     Speech: The way we speak, including our accent, vocabulary, and grammar.
     Perception: The way we see the world, including our categories of thought and our sense of taste.
     Classification: The way we categorize things, including our social groups and our social institutions.
     Appreciation: The way we value things, including our aesthetic judgments and our moral evaluations.
     Feeling: The way we feel, including our emotions and our moods.
     Action: The way we act, including our choices and our behaviors.
    Bourdieu argued that habitus is a key mechanism through which social structures are reproduced. He argued that our habitus is shaped by our social class, and that it predisposes us to act in ways that are consistent with our class position. For example, people from working-class backgrounds are more likely to have a habitus that is characterized by physical strength and manual dexterity, while people from middle-class backgrounds are more likely to have a habitus that is characterized by intellectual skills and verbal fluency. Bourdieu's concept of habitus has been criticized by some sociologists. Some critics argue that habitus is too deterministic, and that it does not allow for individual agency. Others argue that habitus is too vague, and that it is difficult to operationalize in empirical research.
    Despite these criticisms, Bourdieu's concept of habitus remains an important contribution to sociology. It has helped us to understand how social structures are reproduced, and it has also helped us to understand how individuals navigate the social world.

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