Up to what age does the term 'newborn' apply to babies?

Correct option is B

✅ (b) Adrenaline
Explanation:
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) is the first-line drug used in neonatal resuscitation when an infant's heart rate remains critically low (<80 bpm) despite effective chest compressions.
It acts by:
· Stimulating the heart to beat stronger and faster.
· Increasing blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
· Enhancing oxygen delivery to vital organs, including the brain and heart.
Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol:
1. Initial Steps:
· Provide warmth, airway clearance, and stimulation to improve spontaneous breathing.
2. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV):
· If heart rate <100 bpm, provide bag-mask ventilation (PPV) with oxygen.
3. Chest Compressions:
· If heart rate remains <60 bpm, initiate chest compressions at a 3:1 ratio (3 compressions, 1 breath).
4. Adrenaline Administration:
· If heart rate remains <80 bpm even after 60 seconds of effective CPR, administer intravenous (IV) or intraosseous (IO) Adrenaline.
· Dosage: 0.01–0.03 mg/kg IV every 3–5 minutes until the heart rate improves.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect?
❌ (a) Sodium bicarbonate
· Sodium bicarbonate is used to correct metabolic acidosis, but it does not stimulate the heart rate.
· It is not recommended in initial neonatal resuscitation because poor circulation reduces its effectiveness.
❌ (c) Sodium chloride
· Sodium chloride (saline) is used for fluid resuscitation in dehydration or shock, not to increase heart rate.
· It does not have a direct effect on cardiac function.
❌ (d) Potassium bicarbonate
· Potassium bicarbonate is used to correct hypokalemia (low potassium levels) but does not play a role in neonatal resuscitation.
· High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can cause dangerous heart rhythms.