Thermal energy modalities generally affect superficial tissue upto _________ deep ?

Correct option is A

The correct answer is (a).
Introduction
Superficial thermal modalities (e.g., hot packs, paraffin) typically heat tissue to a depth of about 1 cm. Deeper tissues require other modalities like ultrasound or diathermy.
Information Booster

• Superficial heat penetrates only 1 cm.
• Deeper heating requires longer wavelengths.
• Beyond 2 cm, temperature increase is minimal.
• Therefore, 1 cm is the standard depth.

• 2.5 cm is too deep for superficial modalities.
• 3 cm and 3.5 cm are even deeper.