The long-term effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system is -

Correct option is D

The long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system include all the options listed:
1. Cardiac Hypertrophy: Regular exercise strengthens the heart muscle, leading to an increase in the size of the left ventricle, which allows the heart to pump blood more efficiently.
2. Increased Stroke Volume: With improved heart efficiency, the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat (stroke volume) increases, reducing the heart's workload during rest and submaximal activities.
3. Increased Number of Capillaries: Exercise induces capillarization, where the number of capillaries in the muscles increases, enhancing oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues and improving waste removal.
These adaptations collectively improve cardiovascular endurance, reduce the risk of heart disease, and enhance overall fitness.