The following statements are made regarding bioremediation and phytoremediation:
A. Phytovolatilization can reduce soil contamination but may create secondary pollution in the atmosphere.
B. In rhizofiltration, plants are effective only if their roots are exposed to contaminated soil.
C. Phytostabilization reduces contaminant mobility, but the total pollutant load in the soil remains unchanged.
D. Bioventing involves the injection of air or oxygen into soil to stimulate aerobic microbial degradation.
E. During in situ bioaugmentation, the remediation is achieved by physically removing contaminated soil for off-site treatment and replacing it with decontaminated soil.
Which one of the following options represents a combination of all INCORRECT statements?

Correct option is A

Correct Answer:(a) B and E only
Explanation:
A is correct: Phytovolatilization may remove contaminants from soil but can transfer them to the atmosphere, causing secondary pollution.
B is incorrect: Rhizofiltration primarily treats contaminated water (groundwater or surface water), not soil.
C is correct: Phytostabilization immobilizes contaminants without reducing the total pollutant load
D is correct: Bioventing supplies oxygen to enhance aerobic microbial degradation in soil.
E is incorrect: In situ bioaugmentation involves adding specific microbes on site; soil removal is an ex situ approach.
Information Booster :
· Phytoremediation includes extraction, stabilization, volatilization, and filtration strategies.
· Rhizofiltration is commonly used for heavy metal removal from water.
· Bioventing is effective for petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soils.
· Correct remediation choice depends on contaminant type and site conditions.