The correct sequence of the elements of observational learning is:
A. Motivation
B. Attention
C. Observation
D. Reproduction
E. Retention
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is D

Observational learning, also known as modeling or social learning, was introduced by Albert Bandura in his Social Learning Theory (1977). It explains how people learn behaviors by watching others.
-Observation: The individual must first observe the behavior of a model. This step involves perceiving the actions of another person.
-Attention: The observer must pay attention to the model's behavior for learning to take place. If attention is lacking, learning will not be effective.
-Retention: After observing and paying attention, the individual must retain the information to recall it later. Memory plays a crucial role in this stage.
-Reproduction: The learner must be physically and mentally capable of reproducing the behavior they observed. This step depends on motor abilities and practice.
-Motivation: Finally, for the learned behavior to be exhibited, the individual must be motivated. Reinforcements or punishments influence motivation.

Thus, the correct sequence is Observation → Attention → Retention → Reproduction → Motivation, which corresponds to C, B, E, D, A.

Information Booster:

Bandura incorporated operant conditioning principles (from B.F. Skinner’s work) into his theory but emphasized that reinforcement and punishment do not always have to be direct.

A. Direct Reinforcement and Punishment
When an individual receives a reward or punishment based on their behavior.
Example: A student who studies hard and gets a high grade (positive reinforcement) is more likely to continue studying.

B. Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment
Learning occurs by watching someone else being rewarded or punished for a behavior.
Example: A child sees their friend getting scolded for talking in class and decides to stay quiet to avoid punishment.

C. Self-Reinforcement
People regulate their behavior based on internal standards and give themselves rewards or punishments.
Example: A person feels proud (internal reward) after completing a workout routine.

Reciprocal Determinism
Behavior is shaped by three interacting factors:
Personal Factors (cognition, beliefs, attitudes)
Behavior (actions taken by the individual)
Environmental Factors (social influences, rewards, punishments)