Motivation is characterized by

Correct option is C

Motivation is defined as the willingness or a reason to do something or to reach a goal. As per the Arousal Theory of Motivation people do certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal.
Affective arousal:
It happens when we are emotionally charged up and feel passionate about something.
We may be angry, excited, scared, joyful or feeling the stimulation of any other emotion.
Cognitive arousal:
It is also known as intellectual arousal. It deals with thinking and mental stimulation.
This is the state where we are exploring, learning and discovering interesting things.
We are driven into this cognitively aroused state by curiosity, novelty and general interest.