In the history of education in India, arrange in temporal sequence the predominant influence of the following
(a) democracy
(b) religion
(c) politics
(d) modernisation

Correct option is B

The correct temporal sequence is: Religion → Politics → Democracy → Modernisation, i.e., option (b).

Historically, education in India began under the religious influence, with gurukuls, madrasas, and monasteries being the major centers of learning, governed by religious ideologies of Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. The curriculum was deeply spiritual and scriptural.

During the colonial period, politics began influencing education, as the British implemented structured educational systems like the Macaulay Minute (1835) and Wood’s Despatch (1854), using education as a tool of administration and governance.

With the rise of freedom movements, democracy became a key influence, particularly after India's independence in 1947, where education was envisioned as a means for empowerment, equality, and nation-building.

In the post-independence and globalized era, the influence of modernisation has become dominant. Education today focuses on technology, innovation, vocational skills, and international standards, reflecting the modern, global outlook.