In respect of Hypertension, which statement is/are correct?
1. Non-modifiable risk factors are - age, sex, genetic factors, ethnicity.
2. Modifiable risk factors are - obesity, salt intake, saturated fat, dietary fibre, stress.
3. Hypertension is an iceberg disease.

Correct option is C

S81 Ans (c) Sol. Non-modifiable risk factors like age, sex, ethnicity, and family history cannot be altered but significantly impact hypertension risk. Modifiable factors like lifestyle, diet, salt intake, obesity, and stress are crucial targets for prevention and control. Hypertension is called an iceberg disease because a large number of people remain undiagnosed, making only a small portion visible through detected cases.
Explanation for each option: (a) 1 only: Incorrect. Though non-modifiable risk factors are important, hypertension management must also focus on modifiable factors like diet and lifestyle, and the iceberg nature of the disease is equally significant. (b) 1 and 2 only: Incorrect. This option correctly mentions risk factors but ignores the iceberg phenomenon, which highlights the large hidden burden of undetected hypertension in the population. (c) 1, 2 and 3: Correct. All three aspects—non-modifiable factors, modifiable factors, and the iceberg concept—are essential to fully understanding the nature and challenges of hypertension. (d) 2 only: Incorrect. Only listing modifiable risk factors without acknowledging fixed factors and the iceberg model gives an incomplete and narrow understanding of hypertension epidemiology.