Given below are two statements:
Statements I: In analysis of covariance the initial means are adjusted for difference in final means and the adjusted means are tested for significance.
Statements II: The advantage of using analysis of covariance is that analysis of variance is first computed for the difference between initial means and a significant F-ratio indicates that the sample come from the same population, so is devoid of sampling bias.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is B

The correct answer is (b)

Statement I suggests that in analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the initial means are adjusted for differences in final means, and the adjusted means are then tested for significance. This statement is inaccurate. In ANCOVA, the initial means are not adjusted for differences in final means. Instead, ANCOVA adjusts for the effects of one or more covariates on the dependent variable while testing the significance of group differences. The adjustment is made during the statistical analysis, but the initial means themselves are not directly adjusted for differences in final means.

Statement II claims that the advantage of using ANCOVA is that analysis of variance (ANOVA) is first computed for the difference between initial means, and a significant F-ratio indicates that the samples come from the same population;


it is used to control for the effects of covariates and test for group differences while reducing the influence of confounding variables. ANCOVA does not replace ANOVA; it extends ANOVA by including covariates in the analysis. Both statements misrepresent the principles and advantages of ANCOVA.

The correct answer is: (b) Both Statements I and Statements II are false.