Given below are two statements - one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): In soil, Chromium (III) predominates Chromium (VI).
Reason (R): Chromium (VI) is easily reduced to Chromium (III) by organic matter in soil.

Correct option is C

Explanation:
Assertion (A) is true; Chromium (III) is more prevalent in soils compared to Chromium (VI) due to various environmental factors and the natural geochemical processes that occur. However, Reason (R) is false because, while it is true that organic matter can reduce Chromium (VI) to Chromium (III), the reduction process is not as straightforward or common in soil environments as implied. The reduction of Chromium (VI) to Chromium (III) by organic matter is not universally applicable and depends on specific conditions, including the type of organic matter and the soil chemistry.
Information Booster:
· Chromium Speciation: Chromium exists in multiple oxidation states, with Chromium (III) being less toxic than Chromium (VI), making its prevalence in soil beneficial for environmental health.
· Environmental Factors: Soil pH, moisture content, and organic matter composition significantly influence chromium speciation.
· Reduction Processes: Various biological and chemical pathways exist for the reduction of Chromium (VI) to Chromium (III), but they can vary widely based on environmental conditions.
· Toxicity of Chromium: Chromium (VI) is known for its carcinogenic properties, leading to stricter regulations on its presence in the environment.
· Role of Organic Matter: Organic matter plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling and can influence the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals, including chromium.
· Soil Remediation: Understanding chromium behavior in soil is essential for developing effective remediation strategies for contaminated sites.
Additional Information:
· Health Effects: Long-term exposure to Chromium (VI) can lead to serious health issues, including respiratory problems and skin ulcers.
· Bioremediation Techniques: Certain microorganisms and plants can be employed in bioremediation to convert Chromium (VI) into the less toxic Chromium (III).
· Analytical Methods: Various methods, including spectrophotometry and chromatography, are used to analyze chromium levels in soil and water samples.
· Regulatory Standards: Environmental agencies set standards for chromium levels in soil and water to protect human health and the ecosystem.