Descriptive, correlational, and _____ studies tend to have high external validity and relatively low internal validity.

Correct option is B

Non-experimental studies, including observational research, surveys, and case studies, excel in external validity due to their naturalistic settings. This means their findings are more generalizable to real-world scenarios. However, their lack of control over extraneous variables and randomization results in low internal validity, limiting the ability to establish causality. These studies are vital for exploratory research and hypothesis generation but require complementary methods for causal inferences.
In research design, a trade-off often exists between external and internal validity. Non-experimental methods prioritize ecological validity but sacrifice rigorous control, making them suitable for initial investigations or when randomization is impractical.
Information Booster:
· Quasi-Experimental Studies (a): Moderate in both external and internal validity due to partial randomization and control.
· Experimental Studies (c): Offer high internal validity through strict controls but often lack external applicability.
· Validity Dynamics: External validity ensures generalizability, while internal validity emphasizes causal accuracy.