Consider the following statements:

1.HDI is a composite index that accounts for life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and Gross National Income per capita.

2. As per the UNDP report, India’s HDI value saw a decline during the COVID-19 pandemic.

3 .The HDI for India's female population has been historically lower than that for the male population.

4.The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) considers inequality in the distribution of each dimension across the population.

Which of the statements above is/are correct?

Correct option is B

The correct answer is (b) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Explanation:

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index formulated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It measures development across three dimensions:

• Health: Life expectancy at birth
• Education: Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
• Standard of Living: Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP-adjusted)

• As per the UNDP Human Development Report (HDR), many countries, including India, experienced a decline in HDI due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disruptions in health, education, and economic conditions led to lower HDI values.
  Historically, the HDI value for women in India has been lower than that of men, reflecting disparities in health, education, and income levels.
• The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) adjusts the HDI by accounting for inequalities in each dimension—health, education, and income. The greater the inequality, the greater the loss in human development.

Information Booster:

India's HDI (2021–22):

• Rank: 135 out of 191 countries
• HDI Value: 0.633
• Life Expectancy: ~67.2 years
• GNI per capita: ~$6,590 (PPP-adjusted)
• Education: Mean Years of Schooling ~6.7 years
• Top-ranking country (2021–22 HDI): Switzerland
• South Asia Comparison:
• Bangladesh: Rank 129
• Sri Lanka: Rank 73

Human Development Index 2023-24:

• Top Three Countries (Scores): Switzerland (0.967), Norway (0.966) and Iceland (0.959).
• Bottom Three Countries: Somalia (0.380), South Sudan (0.381), Central African Republic (0.387).
• Bigger Economies: USA (0.927), UK (0.889), Japan (0.878), Russia (0.821).
• Countries Not Ranked in Index: The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) and Monaco.