Correct option is D
The correct answer is Option 4 (A, D, E only) because conflicts arise and escalate due to competition, misperception, and social dilemmas.
Competition (A):
Conflicts often emerge in competitive situations where individuals or groups vie for limited resources, power, or status.
Real-world examples include economic rivalries, workplace competition, and international disputes.
Realistic Group Conflict Theory (RGCT) suggests that competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup conflict.
Misperception (D):
Conflicts are exacerbated by misinterpretations, stereotypes, or cognitive biases.
Mirror-image perceptions occur when opposing sides view each other as hostile while considering themselves just.
Attribution errors (e.g., fundamental attribution error) can cause groups to misjudge others’ intentions, fueling conflict.
Social Dilemmas (E):
These occur when individuals or groups pursue self-interest at the expense of collective well-being, leading to conflict.
Examples include the tragedy of the commons (overuse of shared resources) and the prisoner's dilemma (distrust leading to non-cooperation).
Since these factors (A, D, and E) directly contribute to kindling and fueling conflicts, Option 4 is the correct answer.
Information Booster
-Conflict Psychology studies why and how disputes emerge, persist, and resolve.
-Sherif’s Robbers Cave Experiment (1954) demonstrated how competition between groups can create hostility.
-Cognitive biases, such as ingroup bias and outgroup homogeneity bias, contribute to conflicts.
-Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) suggests that group membership creates in-group favoritism, increasing conflict.
-Superordinate goals (shared objectives) help reduce conflict by fostering cooperation.
-Negotiation, mediation, and conciliation are psychological strategies to resolve conflicts.
-The contact hypothesis (Gordon Allport, 1954) suggests that intergroup contact can reduce prejudice and conflict if structured properly.
English
10 Questions
20 Marks
12 Mins
