An individual encountering prolonged stress is prone to suffer from skin infection because:

Correct option is C

Cortisol, a hormone released in response to prolonged stress, has a significant effect on the immune system. One of the primary effects of cortisol is that it suppresses the functioning of T and B cells in the white blood cells (WBCs). These cells are essential for fighting infections, and their suppression due to high cortisol levels can leave the body vulnerable to skin infections and other illnesses. Chronic stress results in elevated cortisol levels, weakening the immune response and increasing the likelihood of skin infections.

Information Booster:
Immunosuppression Due to Prolonged Stress:
1. Stress Response Activation: Prolonged stress triggers the HPA axis, releasing cortisol and adrenaline from the adrenal glands to prepare the body for action.
2. Cortisol Release: Cortisol increases glucose production and helps manage stress, but when sustained, it suppresses immune function.
3. Immune Suppression: Chronic cortisol inhibits T-cells, B-cells, and cytokine production, weakening the immune response to infections.
4. Reduced Inflammatory Response: High cortisol levels reduce inflammation, impairing the body’s ability to fight infections and heal.
5. Increased Vulnerability: Prolonged stress weakens immunity, making the body more susceptible to infections, autoimmune diseases, and chronic conditions.

Additional Information:
(a) Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF): CRF is involved in the body's stress response and triggers the release of cortisol, but it does not directly cause damage to the skin.
(b) Adrenalin: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the medulla (the inner part of the adrenal glands). It plays a critical role in the body's fight-or-flight response to stress.

Role in the Fight-or-Flight Response:
Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream during stressful situations, preparing the body for rapid action. It triggers several physiological changes, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, while dilating airways for improved oxygen intake.

Effects on the Body:
-Increases heart rate and blood pressure to boost circulation.
-Dilates bronchi in the lungs, improving airflow.
-Increases glucose release into the bloodstream to provide energy.
-Dilates pupils for better vision.
-Suppresses non-essential functions, such as digestion, to focus on immediate survival.

(d) Corticosteroids deposited in the skin: While corticosteroids (such as hydrocortisone) are used as medications, they do not get deposited in the skin due to stress. The primary issue related to stress and the skin involves cortisol’s impact on the immune system.