Active soil-forming factors would include:

Correct option is B

The correct option is B Vegetation and climate.

Soil formation (pedogenesis) is governed by five main factors, which are categorized into active and passive groups:

Active Factors: These are the agents that supply energy and drive the chemical and physical processes of soil formation.

Climate: Primarily temperature and precipitation, which influence weathering rates and biological activity.

Vegetation (Organisms/Biota): Includes plants, microorganisms, and animals that contribute organic matter and facilitate nutrient cycling.

Passive Factors: These provide the mass or the environment in which the active factors work. They include Parent Material, Topography (Relief), and Time.