According to the classical Indian School of Logic, which of the following steps of inference involve the application of the universal concomitance to the present case?
(A) This hill has fire

(B) Because it has smoke

(C) Whatever has smoke has fire, e.g., an oven

(D) This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire I Therefore, the hill has fire

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Correct option is D

Statement (D): “This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire” involves the application of the universal concomitance ( Vyapti) to the present case. In classical Indian logic (Nyaya), Vyapti refers to the invariable, universal relationship between the reason (Hetu) and the conclusion (Sadhya), such as smoke and fire. This step applies the general rule (wherever there is smoke, there is fire) to the specific case of the hill.
Information Booster:
1. Vyapti (Universal Concomitance): Refers to the invariable and necessary relationship between two terms (Hetu and Sadhya), such as smoke and fire.
2. Pratijna (Proposition): The statement being made (e.g., “This hill has fire”).
3. Hetu (Reason): The cause or reason given for the proposition (e.g., “Because it has smoke”).
4. Upanaya (Application): Applying the universal rule (Vyapti) to the specific case (e.g., “This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire”).
5. Nigamana (Conclusion): The final step, drawing the conclusion based on the reasoning and universal rule.