Who propounded the linear programmed instruction?

Correct option is B

Programmed instruction refers to a self-instructional method of learning in which the content is presented in small, logically sequenced steps. It aims to facilitate self-paced learning with immediate feedback to enhance understanding.
B. F. Skinner, a renowned psychologist, developed the concept of linear programmed instruction. In this method, all learners follow the same sequence of steps or frames. Each frame contains a small amount of information followed by a question or task. Learners must respond correctly to proceed to the next frame, ensuring systematic learning. The linear approach ensures that learners move step-by-step without deviation, maintaining a single learning path.
Later, Norman A. Crowder introduced the branching programming method, which allowed learners to take alternative paths based on their responses, providing remedial instructions if needed.
Information Booster:
· Linear programming was introduced by B. F. Skinner in the 1950s.
· It is a step-by-step learning process where all learners follow the same path.
· It emphasizes active participation and reinforcement to ensure retention.
· Branching programming, developed by Norman Crowder, offers multiple learning paths for error correction and deeper understanding.
· Both approaches aim to make learning more interactive and effective through immediate feedback.
· Programmed instruction can be applied through various devices, including booklets, machines, and digital platforms.
Additional Knowledge:
Norman A. Crowder:
· Developed branching programming, which provides learners with multiple paths to follow.
· If a learner answers a question incorrectly, they are directed to supplementary material for remediation.
· This method allows personalized learning experiences based on individual responses.
Thorndike:
· Known for his laws of learning: readiness, exercise, and effect.
· His work laid the foundation for modern educational psychology, but he did not contribute directly to programmed instruction.
Thomas F. Gilbert:
· Known as the father of performance technology and contributed to educational and training methodologies.
· He focused on performance improvement rather than instructional programming.