Who has given the concept of "Iron law of Oligarchy"? 

Correct option is D

Robert Michels, a German sociologist, introduced the concept of the "Iron Law of Oligarchy" in his 1911 book Political Parties. The Iron Law of Oligarchy posits that all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they are at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies. Michels argued that within organizations, a small group of leaders gradually consolidates control over decision-making, prioritizing their interests and creating a hierarchical structure. This process occurs because leaders have access to information, control over resources, and organizational experience, which gives them disproportionate power.
Information Booster:
1. Definition of Iron Law of Oligarchy: It states that in any organization, power inevitably becomes concentrated in the hands of a few leaders.
2. Inevitability of Oligarchy: Michels suggested that the centralization of power is inevitable, even in democratic organizations.
3. Leadership Control: Leaders accumulate power through their access to resources and knowledge, and they shape organizational rules to maintain control.
4. Impact on Democracy: Michels’ theory implies that even democratic institutions tend to become oligarchic.
5. Relevance in Modern Politics: The concept highlights the risk of elite dominance within democratic and political systems.
6. Organizational Theory Contribution: Michels’ theory is foundational in organizational sociology, studying power distribution within organizations.