Who decided to oppose the war efforts peacefully by initiating policy of Individual Civil Disobedience in 1941?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Mahatma Gandhi

Explanation:

• Mahatma Gandhi initiated the policy of Individual Civil Disobedience (or Individual Satyagraha) in 1940-1941.
• This was a strategic decision to peacefully oppose India's forced involvement in World War II without launching a mass movement that could turn violent or severely disrupt the British war effort against fascism.

Information Booster:

• The core demand of the Satyagrahi was to exercise the right to freedom of speech against participation in the war.
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave was chosen by Gandhi as the first Individual Satyagrahi, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru as the second.

Additional Knowledge:

Tej Bahadur Sapru (Option a)

• A prominent lawyer and liberal leader, he tried to mediate between the Congress and the British but did not initiate Civil Disobedience.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Option b)

• He was the President of the Indian National Congress during this crucial period but the strategy of Individual Satyagraha was explicitly Gandhi's brainchild.

Jawaharlal Nehru (Option c)

• He was the second person to offer Individual Satyagraha, but the initiator and architect of the movement was Gandhi.

None of the above/More than one of the above (Option e)

• Incorrect, as Mahatma Gandhi is the designated initiator.

So the correct answer is (d)