Who among the following proposed that different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and that these different patterns produce different emotional experiences?

Correct option is A

The correct answer is James-Lange.
The James-Lange Theory of emotion, proposed by William James and Carl Lange, suggests that different emotional stimuli lead to different patterns of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. According to this theory, emotional experiences are a result of physiological responses to external stimuli.

Information Booster:
1. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
1.1. The James-Lange Theory posits that the physiological response to an emotional stimulus is the key to experiencing emotions.
1.2. According to this theory, emotions are a result of bodily reactions to stimuli, and not the cause of them. For example, you do not cry because you are sad, but you are sad because you are crying.
1.3. Criticism: One criticism of the James-Lange theory is that it suggests emotions would not occur without bodily responses, but emotions can still be experienced without such reactions (e.g., in cases of paralysis).
1.4. Despite its limitations, this theory was important because it laid the foundation for understanding the connection between emotions and physiological responses.

Additional Information

2. Cannon-Bard Theory
2.1. The Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion, proposed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, challenges the James-Lange theory. It suggests that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, but are independent processes.
2.2. According to this theory, when an emotional stimulus is encountered, the brain (specifically, the thalamus) processes the stimulus and simultaneously triggers both the emotional experience and the physiological response.
2.3. Unlike the James-Lange theory, the Cannon-Bard theory asserts that emotions are not dependent on bodily responses but happen at the same time. For example, when you see a snake, your heart races, and you feel fear at the same time.

3. Singer-Schachter Theory (Two-Factor Theory)
3.1. The Singer-Schachter theory, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in 1962. It suggests that emotion is the result of two factors:
3.1.1. Physiological arousal (similar to the James-Lange theory).
3.1.2. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal (i.e., the person identifies and labels the emotion based on their environment).
3.2. According to this theory, when an individual experiences physiological changes, they search their environment for an explanation and label that response with an appropriate emotion. For example, if you feel your heart racing after seeing a snake, you may label it as fear based on your perception of the situation.
3.3. This theory emphasizes that emotions arise from both the body’s response and the individual’s cognitive assessment of the situation.

4. Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
4.1. Robert Plutchik developed a theory of emotions that categorizes emotions into eight primary ones: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and disgust. These basic emotions can combine to form more complex emotions.
4.2. Plutchik created the Wheel of Emotions, a visual representation of these primary and secondary emotions, showing how they can blend to form complex emotional states (e.g., joy and trust combine to form love).
4.3. Plutchik’s theory also emphasized that emotions serve as adaptive functions, helping organisms to survive and thrive. For example, fear prepares the body for fight or flight, while joy encourages behaviors that promote wellbeing.