Which type of liverworts form umbrella-shaped structures that raise gametangia above the main gametophyte body and sporophytes develop below these structures?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Marchantia.
 Marchantia: A type of liverwort known for forming umbrella-shaped structures.
 Gametangia: These structures raise the gametangia above the main gametophyte body.
 Sporophytes: Develop below these umbrella-shaped structures.
 Distinctive Feature: The umbrella-shaped structures, called archegoniophores (female) and antheridiophores (male), are characteristic of Marchantia.
Other options:
 Polytrichum: A type of moss, not a liverwort.
 Funaria: Another type of moss.
 Sphagnum: A genus of mosses, known as peat moss, not a liverwort.