Which railway safety system did India begin implementing nationwide, covering 3,500 km in 2025 at a cost of ₹1,700 crore?

Correct option is C

Correct Answer: (c)
Explanation
· Kavach (meaning "Armor") is India's indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
· In the 2025 fiscal context, the Indian Railways accelerated the nationwide implementation of Kavach, targeting high-density networks like the Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Howrah corridors.
· The system is designed to prevent train collisions by automatically applying brakes if the loco pilot fails to do so, especially when jumping a red signal (Signal Passed at Danger - SPAD).
Information Booster
· It was developed by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with Indian industry.
· Kavach is certified with Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4), which is the highest level of safety certification globally.
· It is significantly more cost-effective compared to European systems like ETCS (European Train Control System).