​Which of the following was/were NOT mentioned in the Constitution before 1976?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Fundamental Duties

Explanation:

• The Fundamental Duties were not originally mentioned in the Constitution of India when it was adopted in 1950.
• They were added later in 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee during the Emergency period.

Fundamental Duties:

• Introduced as Part IV-A
• Article 51A listed 10 duties (now 11 after 86th Amendment).

Information Booster:

42nd Amendment Act, 1976 – Mini-Constitution

• Known as the Mini-Constitution due to the comprehensive changes it made.
• Amended the Preamble, 40 Articles, and the Seventh Schedule.
• Added 14 new Articles and 2 new Parts to the Constitution.

Changes to the Preamble

• Added the words: “Socialist” and “Secular”.
• Modified: “Unity of the Nation” → “Unity and Integrity of the Nation”.

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

• New Articles added:
• Article 39A: Free legal aid and equal justice.
• Article 43A: Workers’ participation in industrial management.
• Article 48A: Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife.
• Amended Article 39(f):
• Focus on child development with dignity and protection from exploitation.

Emergency Provisions

• Article 352 amended: National Emergency can apply to the whole or part of India.
• President’s Rule: Initial duration extended from 6 months to 1 year.

Judiciary

• Limited judicial review powers of High Courts.
• Provision for creation of an All-India Judicial Service.

Tribunals (Part XIV-A)

• Introduced Articles 323A & 323B:
• 323A: Tribunals for administrative matters.
• 323B: Tribunals for other specified matters.