Correct option is D
The correct answer is (d) Fundamental Duties
Explanation:
- The Fundamental Duties were not originally mentioned in the Constitution of India when it was adopted in 1950.
- They were added later in 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee during the Emergency period.
Fundamental Duties:
- Introduced as Part IV-A
- Article 51A listed 10 duties (now 11 after 86th Amendment).
Information Booster:
42nd Amendment Act, 1976 – Mini-Constitution
- Known as the Mini-Constitution due to the comprehensive changes it made.
- Amended the Preamble, 40 Articles, and the Seventh Schedule.
- Added 14 new Articles and 2 new Parts to the Constitution.
Changes to the Preamble
- Added the words: “Socialist” and “Secular”.
- Modified: “Unity of the Nation” → “Unity and Integrity of the Nation”.
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
- New Articles added:
- Article 39A: Free legal aid and equal justice.
- Article 43A: Workers’ participation in industrial management.
- Article 48A: Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife.
- Amended Article 39(f):
- Focus on child development with dignity and protection from exploitation.
Emergency Provisions
- Article 352 amended: National Emergency can apply to the whole or part of India.
- President’s Rule: Initial duration extended from 6 months to 1 year.
Judiciary
- Limited judicial review powers of High Courts.
- Provision for creation of an All-India Judicial Service.
Tribunals (Part XIV-A)
- Introduced Articles 323A & 323B:
- 323A: Tribunals for administrative matters.
- 323B: Tribunals for other specified matters.