Which of the following statements about United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) is INCORRECT?

1. The HDI is the harmonic mean of normalised indices for each of the three dimensions.

2. The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth.

3. The education dimension is measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 21 years and older.

4. The standard of living dimension is measured by gross national income per capita.

The correct answer is: (c) 1 and 3

Explanation:
The health dimension of HDI is measured by life expectancy at birth.
The standard of living is assessed using Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP adjusted).

Information Booster:
• HDI was introduced in 1990 by UNDP, developed by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen.
• It covers three core dimensions: health, education, and standard of living.
• India ranked 134th out of 191 countries in the 2023 HDI report.
• HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in human development.

• Life Expectancy Index – Indicator for health.
• Education Index – Combines Mean Years of Schooling (25+) and Expected Years of Schooling (at school-entry age).
• GNI per capita (PPP) – Reflects access to resources and living standards.