Which of the following refers to tax paid only in cash during the Mauryan period?

Correct option is B

Correct Answer: (B) Hiranya

Explanation:

• During the Mauryan period, Hiranya referred to the tax paid specifically in cash.
• This term means "gold" in Sanskrit, but in administrative and economic contexts, it denoted a monetary form of revenue as opposed to taxes paid in kind (like grains or goods).

Information Booster:

Mauryan Empire Economy –Agrarian Economy

• Primary Sector: Agriculture was the backbone—major source of revenue and employment.
• Crops: Food grains, sugarcane, cotton; supported by fertile soil and two crop cycles.
• Permanent Settlements: Janapadanivesa (as per Arthashastra) promoted settled agriculture.
• Janapada Territories: Areas where private farming was likely practiced.
• Crown Lands (Sita): State-owned; cultivation supervised by Sitadhyaksha (Superintendent of Agriculture).
• Crafts: Cotton weaving and other cottage industries flourished.

Currency & State Production

• Currency: Pana – a silver coin, was the main currency in circulation.
• Rajapanya: Goods produced by the State; managed by officials across various departments.

Land Revenue & Taxation

• Samaharta: Chief Revenue Officer – oversaw both revenue collection and expenditure.
• Sannidhata: In-charge of treasury and storage.
• Bhaga: Land tax—1/4th of produce paid by peasants.
• Pindakara: Tax levied on groups of villages, collected by husbandmen.

• Bali– customary tribute.
• Hiranaya – cash tax.

Key Economic Officers