Correct option is C
In physiological psychology, methods are classified as invasive or non-invasive based on whether they involve direct penetration or alteration of the brain or body tissues.
Lesion (A) – Invasive:
-A lesion is a deliberate or accidental damage to brain tissue, often done in animal studies to understand brain function.
-It requires surgical intervention, making it an invasive method.
Electrocorticogram (ECoG) (C) – Invasive:
-ECoG involves placing electrodes directly on the exposed surface of the brain to measure electrical activity.
-It is used during neurosurgical procedures, making it invasive.
Thus, A (Lesion) and C (ECoG) are the only invasive methods, making option 3 (A and C Only) correct.
Information Booster:
Invasive Techniques:
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS):
1 - Surgically implant electrodes in specific brain regions (e.g., subthalamic nucleus).
2 - Deliver electrical impulses to modulate neural activity.
3 - Used to treat Parkinson’s disease, depression, and OCD.
Non-Invasive Techniques:
Electroencephalography (EEG):
1 - Place electrodes on the scalp to measure electrical activity from neurons.
2 - Used to study brain waves, sleep patterns, and epilepsy.
3 - Safe and widely used in clinical and research settings.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG):
1 - Use superconducting sensors to detect magnetic fields produced by neural activity.
2 - Provides high temporal resolution for studying brain function.
3 - Used in cognitive neuroscience and preoperative mapping.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
1 - Use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create high-resolution images of brain structures.
2 - Widely used for medical diagnosis (e.g., detecting tumors, strokes).
Functional MRI (fMRI):
1 - Measure changes in blood oxygenation (BOLD signal) to map brain activity.
2 - Used to study cognitive processes (e.g., memory, attention) and neurological disorders.
3 - Non-invasive and provides both structural and functional information.
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