Which of the following is not a biological factor determining individual differences?

Correct option is C

Parent–child relationship is not a biological factor but a social and environmental factor influencing individual differences. Biological factors include genetic traits (heritability), innate temperament, and physical health, which are determined by physiological and genetic aspects. On the other hand, the parent–child relationship shapes personality, behavior, and emotional development through social interactions, upbringing, and bonding, emphasizing the role of environmental influences in individual differences.

Information Booster

1. Biological factors determining individual differences include:
   • Heritability: Inherited genetic traits.
   • Innate temperament: Inborn personality characteristics like emotional reactivity and sociability.
   • Physical health: The body’s physiological state, which influences cognitive and behavioral abilities.
2. Social factors, such as relationships, culture, and environment, significantly shape individual differences.
3. Parent–child relationships influence emotional stability, confidence, and attachment patterns.
4. Biological and environmental factors interact to form unique personality traits.
5. Studying both biological and environmental factors offers a holistic understanding of individual differences.

Additional Knowledge

(A) Heritability: Refers to the extent to which genetic factors contribute to individual differences in traits such as intelligence, personality, and behavior. It is a core biological factor and is studied through twin and adoption studies.

(B) Innate temperament: Refers to inborn traits, such as emotional reactivity, activity levels, and adaptability. Temperament forms the foundation for later personality development and is influenced by genetics and prenatal environment.

(D) Physical health: A biological factor, physical health includes genetic predispositions to diseases, immune system strength, and overall physiological well-being. Physical health can directly influence cognitive abilities, energy levels, and behavior.