Which of the following doctrines emphasized India’s unilateral efforts to improve relations with its neighbors without expecting reciprocity?

Correct option is C

The correct answer is c) Gujral Doctrine.
The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles formulated by Inder Kumar Gujral (first as Foreign Minister and later as Prime Minister in 1996-97) to guide India’s diplomatic relations with its immediate neighbors.

Information Booster : The Gujral Doctrine
The essence of this doctrine is that India, being the largest country in South Asia with the most resources, should extend unilateral concessions to its smaller neighbors (like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) to build trust and regional stability.

The Five Fundamental Principles:

Non-Reciprocity: With its smaller neighbors, India does not ask for reciprocity but gives and accommodates what it can in good faith and trust.
No Use of Territory: No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of another country in the region.
Non-Interference: No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another.
Respect for Sovereignty: All South Asian countries must respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Peaceful Bilateralism: All disputes must be settled through peaceful bilateral negotiations.