Which of the following doctrines asserts that the individual person is neither part of, nor different from, nor a modification of the supreme consciousness?

Correct option is C

Advaita Vedanta is a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy that asserts the oneness of the individual soul (Atman) and the supreme reality (Brahman).

Information Booster:
-Advaita Vedanta emphasizes non-dualism (Advaita), meaning there is only one ultimate reality (Brahman), without a second.
-Maya (illusion) is the reason why individuals perceive separation between Atman and Brahman.
-The goal of life (Moksha) in Advaita is to realize that one's true nature is Brahman, leading to liberation.
-Adi Shankaracharya (8th century CE) revived and systematized Advaita philosophy through texts and debates.
-Three Pillars of Advaita – (i) Upanishads, (ii) Bhagavad Gita, (iii) Brahma Sutras.
-Aham Brahmasmi (I am Brahman) is another core Advaita teaching, signifying self-realization.
-Jnana Yoga (Path of Knowledge) is considered the highest path to enlightenment in Advaita Vedanta.

Additional Information:

Main Principles of Jainism:

Anekantavada (Pluralism):
-The belief that reality is complex and can be perceived from multiple perspectives.
-Encourages tolerance and open-mindedness by acknowledging partial truths in all viewpoints.

Ahimsa (Non-Violence):
-The principle of non-violence toward all living beings.
-Emphasizes compassion, ethical living, and minimizing harm in thought, word, and action.

Karma Theory:
-Actions (karma) bind the soul (Jiva) to the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).
-Liberation (Moksha) is achieved by shedding accumulated karma through ethical living and ascetic practices.

Asceticism and Self-Discipline:
-Jain monks and nuns follow strict vows (e.g., non-violence, truthfulness, non-attachment) to purify the soul.
-Laypersons follow less rigorous but still ethical lifestyles.

Eternal Souls (Jivas):
-Belief in individual, eternal souls that are distinct and responsible for their own liberation.
-Souls are inherently pure but become entangled with karma due to actions.

Five Great Vows (Mahavratas):
-Non-violence (Ahimsa), truthfulness (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and non-possession (Aparigraha).

Main Principles of Buddhism:

Four Noble Truths:
-The truth of suffering (Dukkha): Life is inherently unsatisfactory.
-The truth of the cause of suffering (Samudaya): Craving and attachment lead to suffering.
-The truth of the end of suffering (Nirodha): Liberation from suffering is possible.
-The truth of the path to end suffering (Magga): The Eightfold Path leads to liberation.

Eightfold Path: A practical guide to ethical living and mental discipline:
1 - Right View
2 - Right Intention
3 - Right Speech
4 - Right Action
5 - Right Livelihood
6 - Right Effort
7 - Right Mindfulness
8 - Right Concentration

Anatta (Non-Self):
-The belief that there is no permanent, unchanging self (Atman).
-The self is a collection of impermanent processes (e.g., thoughts, feelings).

Anicca (Impermanence):
-The belief that all phenomena are transient and subject to change.
-Encourages detachment and acceptance of life's impermanence.

Karma and Rebirth:
-Actions (karma) influence future rebirths in the cycle of samsara.
-Liberation (Nirvana) is achieved by ending craving and breaking the cycle of rebirth.

Middle Way:
-A path of moderation, avoiding extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.

Compassion and Wisdom:
-Cultivation of compassion (Karuna) and wisdom (Prajna) as essential qualities for enlightenment.