Which of the following best characterizes nationalism in Indian political thought during the independence movement?

Correct option is A

The correct answer is (a) A movement for self-governance and unity despite diverse cultural backgrounds.
Nationalism in India was unique because it did not follow the European "one language, one religion, one culture" model. Instead, it was an inclusive and pluralistic movement that sought to unite a highly diverse population against colonial rule.

Characteristics of Indian Nationalism
Indian political thought during the independence movement was shaped by several distinct ideological pillars:

Unity in Diversity: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru argued that India’s strength lay in its "composite culture." They promoted a civic nationalism where people of different religions (Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian), languages, and castes could share a common national identity based on shared history and political goals.

Anti-Colonialism: The primary glue of Indian nationalism was the shared experience of British exploitation. The movement was defined by Swaraj (Self-rule), which meant not just political independence but also the restoration of dignity and self-reliance.

Synthesis of Tradition and Modernity: Thinkers like Raja Rammohan Roy and B.R. Ambedkar sought to reform Indian society from within (abolishing untouchability and Sati) while adopting modern democratic values like liberty, equality, and justice.

Cultural Resurgence: Figures like Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore used literature and symbols (like the Mother India/Bharat Mata imagery) to awaken a sense of pride, but this was generally aimed at mobilizing the masses rather than excluding minorities.