Which of the following are the technological and stylistic developments were noticeable from the twelfth century ?

Correct option is A

The correct answer is (a) Arcuate and use of limestone cement.
The twelfth century marked a significant turning point in Indian architecture, witnessing the introduction of new technological and stylistic elements that gave rise to the distinctive Indo-Islamic architectural style. Two key developments that emerged during this period were:
1. Arcuate Style: The adoption of the arcuate style, characterized by the use of arches and domes, was a major departure from the traditional trabeate style of Indian architecture, which relied on post-and-lintel structures. This shift enabled the construction of larger, more spacious, and structurally sound buildings.
2. Limestone Cement: The introduction of limestone cement, a superior binding material, played a crucial role in the development of arcuate architecture. Limestone cement provided stronger support for the arches and domes, allowing for more ambitious and intricate architectural designs.
The combination of these two advancements, the arcuate style and limestone cement, paved the way for the flourishing of Indo-Islamic architecture, which seamlessly blended Persian and Indian architectural traditions.