Which of the following Acts established the High Courts at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay?

The Correct Answer is: (c) Indian High Courts Act, 1861

Explanation:
The Indian High Courts Act of 1861, passed by the British Parliament, provided for the establishment of High Courts at the three Presidency towns — Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. 

The Act was enacted during the rule of Lord Canning, the first Viceroy of India. The newly created High Courts were vested with original, appellate, civil, criminal, and admiralty jurisdiction.

Information Booster:
• The first High Court to be established was at Calcutta on 1 July 1862.
• High Courts replaced the Supreme Courts (established by the Regulating Act, 1773) and the Sadar Adalats.
• Judges were appointed by the British Crown, and they exercised jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and constitutional matters.
• The Act laid the foundation of India’s modern judiciary.
• Later, High Courts were also established in Allahabad (1866) and other provinces.

Additional Information:
•  Government of India Act, 1858 –  Transferred power from the East India Company to the Crown.
•  Indian Councils Act, 1909 –  Morley-Minto Reforms, focused on expanding legislative councils, not judiciary.