What does the term quasi-federal mean?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Federal with strong central bias
Explanation:
. Quasi-federal refers to India's Constitution having federal features (division of powers, written constitution) but strong unitary bias (single citizenship, emergency powers).
. KC Wheare described it as 'federal with unitary bias' due to Centre's overriding authority via Articles 356, 360.
. India's system termed 'federal system with unitary features'.
Information Booster:
. Unequal Rajya Sabha representation strengthens Centre.
. All-India Services controlled centrally.
. Sarkaria Commission (1988) recommended balancing Centre-state relations.
Additional Knowledge:
Fully federal (Option a)
. Like USA: rigid division, states sovereign in spheres.
. No President's Rule equivalent.
Fully unitary (Option b)
. Like UK: Parliament supreme, no state autonomy.
. No lists or bicameral tilt to provinces.
Only state-based (Option c)
. Misconception; ignores Union List dominance.
. Centre holds residuary powers (Article 248).