The rebellions that broke out at regular intervals against the British authorities in the hill region of Visakhapatnam, popularly known as the Gudem area, were due to which of the following reason(s)?
1. The feudal affinities of the muttadars with the Bhupathi family of Golconda zamindari
2. Placing the ex-zamindari family on the seat of Golconda
3. British authorities' refusal to grant annual maintenance for the Bhupathi family

Correct option is C

The correct answer is (c) 1 and 3
Explanation:
• The muttadars of the Gudem hills had traditional feudal ties and loyalty towards the Bhupathi family of the Golconda zamindari.
• The British refusal to grant annual maintenance to the Bhupathi family caused economic distress and resentment among their dependents (muttadars).
• These two factors undermined traditional authority and provoked repeated uprisings in the Gudem area.
• Statement 2 is not a historically documented cause of the Gudem rebellions.
• The rebellions were primarily a reaction to British interference in local social-political and economic relations.
Information Booster:
• The Gudem–Rampa uprisings form part of tribal resistance to colonial disruption of customary rights.
• Colonial forest and revenue policies further aggravated tribal grievances.
Additional Knowledge:
The feudal affinities of the muttadars with the Bhupathi family of Golconda zamindari (Option 1)
. Traditional loyalty linked local headmen to the Bhupathis.
. British undermining of this relationship fuelled unrest.
Placing the ex-zamindari family on the seat of Golconda (Option 2)
. Not supported by primary accounts as a cause.
. Irrelevant to the specific Gudem uprisings.
British authorities' refusal to grant annual maintenance for the Bhupathi family (Option 3)
. Caused financial insecurity for the family and their dependents.
. Contributed directly to local resentment and rebellion.