Correct option is D
The correct answer is (d) Caste system.
The Paramhans Mandali was a secret socio-religious group founded in Bombay in 1849 by Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang, and a group of their friends. The group was primarily concerned with breaking caste rules and promoting social equality. They believed in one God and advocated for the education of women and widow remarriage.
The Mandali's members were drawn from various castes and backgrounds, and they met in secret to avoid persecution from orthodox Hindus. They ate food cooked by people from lower castes and organized meetings where people from all castes could interact freely.
The Mandali's activities attracted the attention of the British colonial authorities, who were concerned about the group's potential to undermine the social order. In 1860, the Mandali was forced to disband, but its legacy lived on in the form of other social reform movements that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.