The marker systems Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Diversity Array Technology (DArT), Single-Feature Polymorphism (SFP) and Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) are detected by

Correct option is C

✅ (c) DNA:DNA hybridization [Genotyping Method] • Techniques like RFLP, DArT, and SFP use DNA:DNA hybridization to detect polymorphisms. • Hybridization involves labeled probes binding to complementary sequences on arrays or membranes. • RFLP: DNA digested with restriction enzymes → hybridized with probes. • DArT: Presence/absence of fragments assessed via hybridization arrays. • RAD: Sometimes combined with sequencing or hybridization.
❌ (a) PCR + electrophoresis • Common in SSR or RAPD, not typically for RFLP/DArT.
❌ (b) Real-time PCR • Used for gene expression quantification, not marker genotyping.
❌ (d) DNA:RNA hybridization • Utilized in transcription or expression analysis, not polymorphism detection.