Correct option is B
Explanation-
A. Parallelism - (i) Closely related groups evolve similar characteristics.
In parallel evolution, two closely related species evolve similar traits independently, often due to similar environmental pressures. These species share a recent common ancestor but diverge and evolve similar adaptations.
B. Convergence - (iv) Two or more distantly related groups acquire similar characteristics.
Convergent evolution occurs when distantly related organisms evolve similar traits independently, often because they occupy similar ecological niches. Example: wings in bats and birds.
C. Introgression - (iii) Crossbreeding between species is mediated by repeated backcrossing.
Introgression involves the transfer of genetic material from one species to another through hybridization, followed by repeated backcrossing with one of the parent species. This leads to the introgression of alleles.
D. Hybridization - (ii) Individuals of different species crossbreed.
Hybridization refers to the interbreeding of two different species, typically resulting in a hybrid. This process doesn't necessarily involve repeated backcrossing like introgression.
Correct Option is b - A – i ,B – iv ,C – iii, D – ii
