​The figure below shows the genes (a, b, c, d, f, l, m n) that are expressed in cell types 1, 2 and 3 because of the concentration of morphogen signaling received by these cells.​

Which one of the following statements is correct about the pattern of gene expression induced by the morphogen?

The transcription factor activated by the morphogen has:

Given below are the different stages of Arabidopsis embryogenesis (Column X) and their characteristic patterns of cell division (Column Y).
Column X
A. Zygotic
B. Globular
C. Heart
D. Torpedo
Column Y
i. Formation of an 8-cell embryo, exhibiting radial symmetry and undergoing additional cell division to create the protoderm
ii. Polarized growth of cells followed by a symmetric transverse division giving rise to a small apical cell and an elongated basal cell
iii. Cell elongation and cellular differentiation processes throughout the embryonic axis with visible distinction between the adaxial and abaxial tissue of the cotyledons
iv. Focused cell division forming two cotyledons, giving bilateral symmetry to the embryo
Which one of the following options represents the correct match between Column X and Column Y?

In amphibians and fish, the cells of the organizer ultimately contribute to i) pharyngeal endoderm, ii) head mesoderm, iii) dorsal mesoderm, and iv) dorsal blastopore lip. The following statements are made about the function of the organizer and its derivatives:
A. The pharyngeal endoderm and pre-chordal plate prevent formation of forebrain and midbrain.
B. The organizer has the ability to dorsalize the ectoderm and induce formation of the neural tube.
C. The dorsal mesoderm inhibits induction of the hindbrain and trunk.
D. The organizer tissue possesses the ability to dorsalize the surrounding mesoderm into somite-forming mesoderm.
Which one of the following options is a combination of all correct statements?

ENZ function prevents premature differentiation of mouse neural stem cells. Kinase inhibitor treatment differentiates these cells prematurely. This is prevented if a specific serine-to-aspartate (S to D) mutation is introduced in ENZ. Based on this information, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Following statements are made regarding sex determination in plants:
A. In Silene latifolia, females are homogametic (XX) and males are heterogametic (XY).
B. Papaya (Carica papaya) shows trioecy, but its sex determination is not associated with sex chromosomes.
C. All dioecious plants with separate sexes possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
D. Plant sex chromosomes are ancient, and their Y chromosomes are highly degenerated, much like those in mammals.
E. Unlike animals, dosage compensation is generally weak or absent in plant sex chromosome systems.
Which one of the following combinations contains all INCORRECT statements?

The following statements were made regarding cell fate specification of trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM) during mammalian embryogenesis:
A. Oct4 represses Cdx2 expression, enabling some cells to become ICM.
B. Cdx2 synthesized by the trophoblast cells activates Oct4 and Nanog.
C. Expression of Nanog allows cells of the ICM to retain their pluripotency.
D. YAP binds to TEAD4 and represses Cdx2 in the trophoblast cells.
Which one of the following options correctly represents events that determine the fate of trophoblasts and ICM?

Experiments addressing axis patterning in amphibian embryos are listed in Column X and the observations are listed in Column Y.
Column X
A. Grafting of dorsal blastopore lip from donor early gastrula into presumptive ventral epidermis of host early gastrula
B. Injection of noggin mRNA into UV-treated Xenopus embryos
C. Injection of morpholinos to inhibit BMPs 2, 4, and 7
D. Grafting of anterior archenteron roof from late gastrula into the blastocoel of early gastrula
Column Y
i. Rescue of dorsal development
ii. Induction of secondary head structures
iii. Formation of a secondary embryo
iv. Enlarged neural tube
Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

Which one of the following options represents the correct order of events during newt limb regeneration following amputation?

Which one of the following options is the correct sequence of gene expression for successful axis specification in Drosophila?

Izumo and Juno are two proteins that are expressed in sperm and egg, respectively and play critical roles in mediating interactions between them. The following experiments were carried out with Izumo and Juno:
A. Sperms from a male mouse, where Izumo has been knocked out, could not fertilize eggs from a normal female.
B. Two independent kidney cell lines were developed, one expressing Izumo and the other expressing Juno. If the two cells are mixed, the cells will tend to aggregate with each other.
C. Whole mount immunostaining for Izumo and Juno indicated specific staining on the sperm and egg, respectively.
Which one of the following options lists experiment(s) that demonstrate(s) interactions between Izumo and Juno?

​Given below are statements related to expression of some of the pattern-forming genes in vertebrate limb bud:​

​A. Lmx1b gene is expressed in dorsal mesenchyme
B. Shh is expressed in the posterior region
C. Wnt7a gene is expressed in dorsal ectoderm
D. Hoxa13 and Hoxd13 are expressed in the distal region
E. Tbx5 and FGF10 are expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm involved in formation of limb bud​

​The Nail-Patella syndrome in humans and the syndrome in mice exhibiting footpads on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the limb are associated with which of the above-mentioned gene functions?​