Correct option is A
Nullum Crimen Nulla Poena Sine Lege: This Latin phrase is a fundamental principle of criminal law, which translates to "no crime, no punishment without law." It means that an act cannot be considered a crime, nor can it be punished unless it was clearly defined as such by law before the act was committed. This principle ensures that individuals are only punished for actions that were legally recognized as crimes at the time they were committed, thus upholding the rule of law and preventing arbitrary punishment.
Information Booster:
· No Crime or Punishment Without Preexisting Law: This principle is a cornerstone of modern criminal justice systems. It guarantees that laws must be in place and known to the public before an action can be deemed criminal, thereby protecting citizens from retroactive justice. The concept emphasizes legal certainty and fairness, ensuring that people are aware of the legal consequences of their actions.
· Legal Certainty: The principle contributes to legal certainty by ensuring that laws are clear and accessible. It also protects individuals from being subjected to ex post facto laws, which would criminalize actions after they have been committed.
Additional Knowledge:
· Ignorance of Fact is Excused (b): This principle means that if a person acts under a mistaken belief about a fact that negates an element of a crime, they may not be held criminally liable. For example, if someone mistakenly believes they are taking their own property, they may not be guilty of theft.
· Ignorance of Law is Not Excused (c): This is a legal doctrine known as "ignorantia juris non excusat," meaning that a person cannot escape liability simply because they were unaware of the law. Everyone is presumed to know the law, so ignorance does not typically serve as a defense in criminal cases.
· A Man is Presumed to Be Innocent Until Proven Guilty (d): This is a fundamental principle of criminal justice, often referred to as the "presumption of innocence." It places the burden of proof on the prosecution to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, ensuring that no one is wrongfully convicted without sufficient evidence.
