Select the incorrect statements from among the following.
(i) Newland arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic masses and gave the law of Octaves.
(ii) Sodium is the eighth element after lithium.
(iii) Calcium is the eighth element after Beryllium.
(iv) The law of Octaves was applicable only up to Magnesium, as after Magnesium every eighth element did not possess properties similar to that of the first.

Correct option is D

Correct Answer: D (iii, iv)

Explanation:
• Statement (i) is correct: Newlands arranged elements by increasing atomic masses and proposed the Law of Octaves.
• Statement (ii) is correct in the context of Newlands’ time, because noble gases were undiscovered; without Neon, Sodium becomes the eighth element after Lithium, matching his octave pattern.
• Statement (iii) is incorrect: Calcium is not the eighth element after Beryllium in Newlands’ sequence; Magnesium fits the octave, not Calcium.
• Statement (iv) is incorrect: Newlands’ Octave Law worked reasonably up to Calcium, not only up to Magnesium.

Information Booster:
• Newlands proposed his Law of Octaves in 1865, comparing element repetition to musical notes.
• His arrangement showed regular periodicity only in lighter elements; discrepancies increased with heavier ones.

Additional Knowledge:
• The discovery of noble gases later disrupted the old sequences and helped refine periodic classification.
• Mendeleev’s later periodic table corrected many limitations of Newlands by leaving gaps for undiscovered elements.