Presumptions under the law of evidence are

Correct option is D

The correct answer is D. Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 (formerly the Indian Evidence Act, 1872), presumptions can be classified into:

1. Presumptions of Fact: Based on logic, human conduct, or common experience (e.g., a person found in possession of stolen goods is presumed to be the thief under normal circumstances). These are discretionary and rebuttable.
2. Presumptions of Law: These are legal presumptions made mandatory by law, which may be either rebuttable (e.g., legitimacy of a child born during a valid marriage under Section 116 of BSA) or irrebuttable (e.g., presumption that a law is valid unless declared otherwise by a court).