____________ motivate the learners to believe in themselves and work harder.

Correct option is D

The correct answer is "view of ability as incremental and controllable." This concept is aligned with the growth mindset, which suggests that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, strategies, and perseverance. Learners who view their abilities as incremental are motivated to overcome challenges and believe in their potential for improvement. This mindset fosters resilience, promotes hard work, and encourages learners to take on new challenges.

On the contrary, shame, hopelessness, fear, and the belief that abilities are fixed lead to disengagement, anxiety, and a lack of motivation to try harder.

Information Booster

1. The growth mindset (incremental view) promotes self-confidence and effort-based learning.
2. Learners with an incremental view see failures as opportunities for growth.
3. Teachers play a crucial role in fostering this mindset through constructive feedback.
4. Praise focused on effort rather than inherent ability reinforces controllability.
5. Encouraging students to set achievable goals builds motivation and belief in self-improvement.

Additional Knowledge

• (a) Shame and hopelessness:
  These emotions are counterproductive to learning and motivation. Shame leads to withdrawal, and hopelessness creates a sense of defeat, preventing learners from making an effort.

• (b) Fear and anxiety:
  Fear and anxiety may cause temporary performance boosts in certain situations but ultimately harm learning and motivation by triggering avoidance behaviors and reducing cognitive efficiency.

• (c) View of ability as fixed and uncontrollable:
  This fixed mindset creates a belief that intelligence and abilities are innate and unchangeable. Such a perspective leads to avoidance of challenges and fear of failure, which hinders personal growth.